Pepsi
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Pepsi-Cola
Type Cola
Manufacturer PepsiCo.
Country of origin United States
Introduced 1903
Related products Coca-Cola
RC Cola
Dr. Pepper
Inca-Cola
Pepsi-Cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina. The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years since 1903, including Diet Pepsi, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Samba, Pepsi Blue, Pepsi Gold, Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Jazz, Pepsi X (available in Finland and Brazil), Pepsi Next (available in Japan and South Korea), Pepsi Raw, Pepsi Retro in Mexico, Pepsi One, and Pepsi Ice Cucumber in Japan.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Origins
o 1.2 Rise in popularity
o 1.3 Niche marketing
* 2 Marketing
o 2.1 Celebrity endorsers
o 2.2 Slogans
* 3 Bans in India
* 4 Health concerns
* 5 Rivalry with Coca-Cola
* 6 Ingredients
* 7 Competitors
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 10 References
* 11 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Origins
Pepsi was first made in New Bern, North Carolina, in the United States in the early 1890s by pharmacist Caleb Bradham. In 1898, "Brad's drink" was changed to "Pepsi-Cola" and later trademarked on June 16, 1903.[1] There are several theories on the origin of the word "pepsi".
The only two discussed within the current PepsiCo website are the following:
1. Caleb Bradham bought the name "Pep Kola" from a local competitor and changed it to Pepsi-Cola.
2. "Pepsi-Cola" is an anagram for "Episcopal" - a large church across the street from Bradham's drugstore. There is a plaque at the site of the original drugstore documenting this, though PepsiCo has denied this theory.
The word Pepsi comes from the Greek word "pepsi" (πέψη), which is a medical term, describing the food dissolving process within one's stomach. It is also a medical term, that describes a problem with one's stomach to dissolve foods properly.
Another theory is that Caleb Bradham and his customers simply thought the name sounded good or the fact that the drink had some kind of "pep" in it because it was a carbonated drink, they gave it the name "Pepsi".
It was made of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils, and kola nuts. Whether the original recipe included the enzyme pepsin is disputed.[2][3]
In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore into a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1924, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In 1926, the logo was changed again. In 1929, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi-Cola in newspaper ads as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race".
In 1929, the Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt during the Great Depression- in large part due financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark.[4] Eight years later, the company went bankrupt again. Pepsi's assets were then purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.
[edit] Rise in popularity
During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1929 of a 10-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle "Pepsi cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you," Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces a bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price.[5] Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. In 1936 alone 500,000,000 bottles of Pepsi were consumed. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.[6]
Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth. Loft now owned Pepsi, and the two companies did a merger, then immediately spun off the Loft company.[citation needed]
[edit] Niche marketing
1940s advertisement specifically targeting African Americans.
1940s advertisement specifically targeting African Americans.
Walter Mack was named the new President of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company through the 1940s. Mack, who supported progressive causes, noticed that the company's strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or used ethnic stereotypes in portraying blacks. He realized African Americans were an untapped niche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its advertising directly towards them.[7] To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising executive "from the Negro newspaper field"[8] to lead an all-black sales team, which had to be cut due to the onset of World War II. In 1947, Mack resumed his efforts, hiring Edward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack of Pepsi while her son (a young Ron Brown, who grew up to be Secretary of Commerce[9]) reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled "Leaders in Their Fields", profiled twenty prominent African Americans such as Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche and photographer Gordon Parks.
Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of African Americans around the country to promote Pepsi. Racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the U.S., so Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result,[8] from insults by Pepsi co-workers to threats by Ku Klux Klan.[9] On the other hand, they were able to use racism as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of Coke to segregationist Governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge.[7] As a result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coke's shot up dramatically. After the sales team visited Chicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.[7]
This focus on the African American market caused some consternation within the company and among its affiliates. They did not want to seem focused on black customers for fear white customers would be pushed away.[7] In a meeting at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Mack tried to assuage the 500 bottlers in attendance by pandering to them, saying, "We don't want it to become known as the nigger drink."[10] After Mack left the company in 1950, support for the black sales team faded and it was cut.
[edit] Marketing
A large advertisement made to resemble a Pepsi cup at the theme park, Nickelodeon Universe inside the Mall of America.
A large advertisement made to resemble a Pepsi cup at the theme park, Nickelodeon Universe inside the Mall of America.
The first of many new designs of Pepsi cans which were released in 2007.
The first of many new designs of Pepsi cans which were released in 2007.
In 1975, Pepsi introduced the Pepsi Challenge marketing campaign where PepsiCo set up a blind tasting between Pepsi-Cola and rival Coca-Cola. During these blind taste tests the majority of participants picked Pepsi as the better tasting of the two soft drinks. PepsiCo took great advantage of the campaign with television commercials reporting the test results to the public.[11].
In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successful Pepsi Stuff marketing strategy. By 2002, the strategy was cited by Promo Magazine as one of 16 "Ageless Wonders" that "helped redefine promotion marketing."[12]
In 2007, PepsiCo redesigned their cans for the fourteenth time, and for the first time, included more than thirty different backgrounds on each can, introducing a new background every three weeks.[13]
[edit] Celebrity endorsers
Main article: Pepsi spokespersons
Like Coca-Cola, Pepsi and its associated beverages have had various celebrity endorsers and continue to use them.
[edit] Slogans
* 1939: "Twice as Much for a Nickel"
* 1950: "More Bounce to the Ounce"
* 1950: "Any Weather is Pepsi Weather"
* 1957: "The Light Refreshment"
* 1958: "Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi"
* 1961: "Now It's Pepsi for Those Who Think Young"
* 1963: "Come Alive, You're in the Pepsi Generation".
* 1967: "(Taste that beats the others cold) Pepsi Pours It On".
* 1969: "You've Got a Lot to Live, and Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give"
* 1975: "Have a Pepsi Day"
* 1977: "Join the Pepsi People (Feeling Free)"
* 1980: "Catch That Pepsi Spirit" David Lucas composer
* 1981: "Pepsi's got your taste for life"
* 1983: "Pepsi Now! Take the Challenge!"
* 1984: "Pepsi. The Choice of a New Generation" (Commercial with Michael Jackson, featuring Pepsi version of Billie Jean)
* 1986: "We've Got The Taste" (Commercial with Tina Turner)
* 1990: "You got the right one Baby UH HUH" ( sung by Ray Charles )
* 1991: "Gotta Have It"/"Chill Out"
* 1992: "Be Young, Have Fun, Drink Pepsi"
* 1995: "Nothing Else is a Pepsi"
* 1996: "Pepsi:There's nothing official about it" (During the Wills World Cup(Cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Srilanka)
* 1997: "GeneratioNext"." With The Spice Girls "
* 1998: "Yeh Dil Mange More"(In Hindi meaning "My heart wants more")
* 1999: "Ask for More"/"The Joy of Pepsi-Cola" (Commercial with Britney Spears/Commercial with Mary J. Blige)
* 2003: "It's the Cola"/"Dare for More"
* 2005: "Wild Thing"/"Ask For More" (With Jennifer Lopez & Beyoncé Knowles)
* 2006: "Why You Doggin' Me"/"Taste the one that's forever young" Commercial featuring Mary J. Blige
* 2007: "More Happy"/"Taste the one that's forever young" (Michael Alexander)
* 2008: "Yeh hai Youngistaan Meri Jaan!" (India)
* 2008: "Pepsi Stuff" Super Bowl Commercial (Justin Timberlake)
[edit] Bans in India
See also: PepsiCo - Criticisms
Pepsi was banned from import in India in 1970 for having refused to release the list of its ingredients.[citation needed] In 1988, the ban was lifted[citation needed], with Pepsi arriving on the market shortly afterwards.[14] In 2003 and again in 2006, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organization in New Delhi, claimed that soda drinks produced by manufacturers in India, including both Pepsi and Coca-Cola, had dangerously high levels of pesticides in their drinks.[15] [16] Both PepsiCo and The Coca-Cola Company maintain that their drinks are safe for consumption and have published newspaper advertisements that say pesticide levels in their products are less than those in other foods such as tea, fruit and dairy products.[17] In the Indian state of Kerala, sale and production of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft drinks, were banned in 2006[18] following partial bans on the drinks in schools, colleges and hospitals in five other Indian states.[18] On September 22, 2006, the High Court in Kerala overturned the Kerala ban ruling that only the central government can ban food products.[19]
[edit] Health concerns
Pepsi and similar products contain large amounts of sugar. Excessive sugar intake is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of certain types of diabetes. Sugar is also a leading contributor to tooth decay.
[edit] Rivalry with Coca-Cola
According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market. Pepsi conducted blind taste tests in stores, in what was called the "Pepsi Challenge". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which is believed to have more lemon oil, less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the "Challenge" across the nation.
In 1985, The Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changed its formula. Some authorities believe that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash led to Coca-Cola quickly introducing a modified version of the original formula (removing the expensive Haitian lime oil and changing the sweetener to corn syrup) as Coke "Classic".
Comedian Dave Chappelle starred in ads for both Coca-Cola and Pepsi, an act which drew controversy. When referring to it in his show, Chappelle said, "I can't even taste the difference: all I know is Pepsi's paying more right now, so it tastes better."
In the U.S., Pepsi's total market share was about 31.7 percent in 2004, while Coke's was about 43.1 percent.[20]
Overall, Coca-Cola continues to outsell Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. Saudi Arabia, Pakistan (Pepsi has been a dominant sponsor of the Pakistan cricket team since the 1990s), the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Prince Edward Island and the U.S. states of Michigan and South Carolina are the exceptions.[21]
Pepsi had long been the drink of Canadian Francophones and it continues to hold its dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of La Petite Vie fame) to sell its product.[22] "Pepsi" eventually became an offensive nickname for Francophones.
By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered The Coca-Cola Company to turn over its secret formula for Coke and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). In 1988, PepsiCo gained entry to India by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, The Coca-Cola Company returned in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy.[23] In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo together held 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India. Coca-Cola India's market share was 52.5%.[24]
In Russia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke but it was undercut once the Cold War ended. In 1972, Pepsico company struck a barter agreement with the then government of the Soviet Union, in which Pepsico was granted exportation and Western marketing rights to Stolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing of Pepsi-Cola. [25] [26] This exchange led to Pepsi-Cola being the first foreign product sanctioned for sale in the U.S.S.R.. [27]
Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread spawned words like "coca colonization", Pepsi-Cola and its relation to the Soviet system turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term, "Pepsi-stroika", began appearing as a pun on "perestroika", the reform policy of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. Critics viewed the policy as a lot of fizz without substance and as an attempt to usher in Western products in deals there with the old elites. Pepsi, as one of the first American products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy.[28] This was reflected in Russian author Victor Pelevin's book "Generation P".
In 1992, following the Soviet collapse, Coca-Cola was introduced to the Russian market. As it came to be associated with the new system, and Pepsi to the old, Coca-Cola rapidly captured a significant market share that might otherwise have required years to achieve. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent.[29]
n. 支配；控制；统治；优势；【生】优势度，显性一、发音英 ['dɒmɪnəns]；美 ['dɒmɪnəns] 二、用法1、dominance principle 控制原则2、market dominance 市场操纵3、eye dominance 眼偏利,单眼优势...三、例句The firm soon achieved complete dominance in the marketplace.这家公司很快取得了在市场上的绝对支配地位。扩展资料：近义词：ascendency一、发音英 [ə'sendənsɪ]；美 [ə'sendənsɪ] 二、含义n. 优势；优越；权势三、用法ascendancy 统治权四、例句To some, Richard's rapid ascendency to magic's forefront bespeaks a quintessential fairy tale.对一些，理查的迅速优势到魔术的最前方预定一个精华童话。
A few large corporations from Japan and the U.S. have dominated the production of the core parts of the auto A/C systemsA/C compressors. With its leading technology and a dominant market share of one third in the world, Japanese Denso Corporation is second to none. And there are also other world leading producers of A/C compressors, including Zexel, Saden Behr, Seiko, Panasonic, Mitsubishi Heavy, Delphi, Visteon, and Chrysler. So far all the above-mentioned producers have set up joint or wholly-owned ventures in China. For example, Denso has already had factories in Yantai (Shandong Province), Guangzhou, and Kunshan (Jiangsu Province), and set up Jiexin Denso Air-Conditioner in Yangzhou (Jiangsu Province) jointly with Yangzhou Jiexin Auto Air-Conditioner Co., Ltd.; Delphi set up Shanghai Delphi Auto A/C Systems jointly with Shanghai Auto A/C Systems Co., Ltd., while its factory in Suzhou (Jiangsu Province) is also under construction; Zexel established factories in Hunan Province and Northeastern China; Zexel in Dalian (Liaoning Province) and Beijing; and Panasonic Guangzhou.
With their superior technology, foreign producers have established their dominance in China's auto A/C compressors market. While the overall sales volume of auto A/C compressors in China was 6.43 million units, up by 13.6% year-on-year in 2007, Saden Behr accounted for 2.54 million of them; Denso Yantai 810,000; Jianshe Chongqing, Halla Dalian, and Aotecar Nanjing more than 650,000 each. Also in 2007, Futon Mudanjiang produced 620,000 auto A/C compressors and sold 580,000, while Valeo Changchun made 136,000 units all for export.
This report explores on a complete basis the environment of development, market structure, outsourcing opportunities and development of the customer service market of China's auto A/C sector. To give a clear vision to investors of the competitive landscape in China's auto A/C market, the report also compares the operational performance of the major producers in the country. In addition, analysis of investment risks and strategies is also given at the end of the report.
问这对近义词的人必是学习认真的同学，一般人都没想到这样问，一是可能只认识其中之一甚至二者都不认识，二是两者模模糊糊认识，没有把它们联系起来细想，还有一种可能是细想之后还是不得要领，查英汉词典和英英词典发现解释还是非常相近甚至一样，就连著名的牛津英语词典解释：dominance // n. 1 the state of being dominant.2 control, authority.
domination // n. 1 command, control. 2 the act or an instance of dominating; the process of being dominated. 这解释也可能让人看后依然云里雾里，海外native E speakers也有讨论来讨论去仍说不清道不明的。由此可见，这2词的确太近义不易区分，因此有的人就认为根本不必区分。若像楼主一样非要弄清分别，那就只好再多查几部词典，多看权威英语文献的实际用例。再加以自己的细心比较体会，就会明白：因为二者都是dominate的名词形式，自然意义都是根据该动词意义派生而来，所以很相近，但又不完全相同，区别主要在于各有侧重，dominance侧重抽象意义的影响力dominating influence，而domination则侧重指实际的支配统治地位dominating power or actual control
